UNIT 7
Section one Tactics for Listening
Part 1 Spot Dictation Meet Your Chiropractor
The doctor of chiropractic (D.C.) is a (1) well-recognized member of the health team who (2) considers the human body as a total functioning (3) unit and gives special attention to the spine, (4) muscles, nerves, circulatory and skeletal (5) systems. The chiropractor seeks to (6) relieve pain.
The procedures utilized are primarily focused on the (7) spine. The chiropractor is concerned about the spine's relationship to the (8) nerve system, which controls important body functions. The chiropractor knows that a malfunctioning* spinal joint cannot only cause (9) back pain or headaches, it can also (10) interfere with the nerves leading from the spine, thereby (11) affecting other portions of the body.
Millions of Americans are chiropractic patients for a wide variety of (12) health disorders. They depend on their chiropractor as their (13) family doctor to help them maintain their health through proper (14) diagnosis, treatment, and referral when (15) necessary.
A minimum of six years of college study including internships (16) goes into the making of a chiropractic physician. Many doctors of
chiropractic choose to (17) limit their practices to certain specialties, such as (18) sports injuries, nutrition, orthopedics or radiology.
As a (19) licensed and regulated member of the healing arts, the doctor of chiropractic must pass a state (20) licensing board examination in order to practice.
Part 2 listening for Gist
Like the \"Iron Age\" volunteers, Paul has also chosen to cut himself off from many aspects of modem life, not, however, as an experiment but because he feels it is a more satisfactory way to live. He is talking about his small cottage in the Welsh mountains:
\"And that brings me to say what is primitive about it, namely, it is anything that has to be done, and there are obviously certain basic needs of life, is 'DIY' as they say: Do it yourself. There is no labor to be had nowadays in such a remote part. Er, there are no neighbors for most of the year and so you are on your own entirely. The place itself is extremely primitive. Er, I mentioned the water. I mentioned that we now have got electricity. Er, the building itself - it's important to keep it clean and it's stupid to try. We try to keep it tidy, and reasonably clean. It is very difficult to keep it warm, warm enough particularly in winter and that we do by an old kitchen range with coal and wood.\" Exercise
Directions: Listen to the passage and find its topic sentence. The topic sentence is \"The place itself is extremely primitive.\"
Section Two Listening Comprehension
Part1 Dialogue A Healthy Life Dr Martin Answay writes a column in a popular women's magazine on health problems. He is also an expert on heart disease.
Q: Is there a secret to good health? I mean, is there some way we can
achieve it which is not generally known?
A: It certainly isn't a secret. However, there is a great deal of ignorance, even among supposedly educated people, about how to be reasonably healthy.
Q: Well, what advice do you give, then?
A: Vh ... to begin with, take diet. I believe that one of the greatest dangers to health in Britain and other countries ... particularly developed countries ... is the kind of food we tend to prefer. Q: Such as?
A: Such as that great national institution, the British breakfast, for example, ham and eggs. Or the kind of lunch so many people in this country have: sausage and chips! Or all the convenience foods like
hamburgers. Or even things we regard as \"healthy\such as full-fat milk. Or Cheddar cheese. The list is endless. Q: What's wrong with those things?
A: The excessive consumption of such things leads to the overproduction of cholesterol, which in turn results in heart attack. Q: Excuse me, but what exactly is cholesterol?
A: It's a ... wax-like substance ... yellowish ... and it's produced naturally in our livers. We all need some cholesterol for survival. Q: Well, if we need it, in what way is it bad for us?
A: Too much of it is bad for us. It builds up in our arteries, causing them to get narrower, so that our blood supply has difficulty in getting through ... and this, of course, can eventually end in a heart attack or stroke. The point I'm trying to make here is that, even though we all need some cholesterol in order to insulate our nerves, and to produce cell membranes and hormones, the things many of us eat and even consider healthy lead to the overproduction of cholesterol. And this is very dangerous.
Q: How can we avoid this overproduction of cholesterol?
A: By cutting down our consumption of animal fats: things like red meat, cheese, eggs, and so on. And by increasing our consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables, and also by eating more potatoes, rice, pasta and bread.
Q: Pasta? Potatoes? But ... aren't such things fattening?
A: Nonsense. It isn't pasta, potatoes or bread that makes us fat. It's what we put on such things! Cheese, Butter, Meat!
Q: So anything we like, anything that's delicious, is bad for us. Isn't that
what you're saying?
A: Rubbish! I'm simply saying we eat too much of these things. And there are many ways of preparing delicious food without using such large quantities of animal fats.
Q: Last of all, what about exercise? You recently warned against certain forms of exercise, which you said could be dangerous.
A: What I said was that if people aren't used to getting regular and vigorous exercise, they should begin slowly, and not try to do too much at the beginning! I also said that certain games, such as squash, can be dangerous, particularly if you aren't used to playing them. A number of injuries are due to sudden, twisting movements that games like squash involve.
Q: What kinds of exercise do you recommend, then?
A: Gentle jogging, swimming, cycling, brisk walking ... exercise that is rhythmic and gentle, and above all, sustained. That is, done for at least fifteen minutes uninterruptedly at least three times a week. We all need such exercise, and the fact is that far too few of us get enough of it, particularly if we live in large cities and regularly use cars.
Exercise
Directions: Listen to the dialogue and complete the following grids. A. Cholesterol Definition A yellowish, wax-like substance, which is produced naturally in our livers. We all need some cholesterol in order to insulate our Function nerves, and to produce cell membranes and hormones. When cholesterol builds up in our arteries, it causes them to Overproductiget narrower, so that our blood supply has difficulty in on getting through and this can eventually end in a heart attack or stroke. How to avoid By cutting down our consumption of animal fats: things this like red meat, cheese, eggs, and so on. And by increasing overproductioour consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables, and also by n
B. Exercise Forms of A number of injuries are due to sudden, twisting exercise movements that games like squash involve. warned eating more potatoes, rice, pasta and bread.
against Forms of exercise Gentle jogging, swimming, cycling, brisk walking ... recommendeexercise that is rhythmic and gentle. d Things to be Exercise should be sustained, that is, done for at least remembered fifteen minutes uninterruptedly at least three times a week.
Part 2 Passage Aging of America 1) The impending collision between the boomers and the nation's retirement system is naturally catching the eye of policymakers and the boomers themselves.
2) Retirement income security in the United States has traditionally been based on the so-called three-legged stool: Social Security, private pensions, and other personal saving.
3) Retirement planning takes time, and these issues need to be addressed sooner rather than later.
4) One found that in 1991 the median household headed by a
65-69-year-old had financial assets of only $14,000, but expanding the
measure to include Social Security, pensions, housing, and other wealth boosts median wealth to about $270,000.
5) Only one or two generations of Americans have had lengthy retirements, and the crucial retirement issues keep changing rapidly, making long-term predictions even harder.
The Baby Boom* generation - the roughly 76 million people born between 1946 and 1964 has been reshaping American society for five decades. From jamming the nation's schools in the 1950s and 1960s, to crowding labor markets and housing markets in the 1970s and 1980s, to affecting consumption patterns almost continuously, boomers have altered economic patterns and institutions at each stage of their lives. Now that the leading edge of the generation has turned 50, the impending collision between the boomers and the nation's retirement system is naturally catching the eye of policymakers and the boomers themselves.
Retirement income security (退休收入保障)in the United States has traditionally been based on the so-called three-legged stool: Social Security, private pensions, and other personal saving. Since World War II the system has served the elderly well: The poverty rate among elderly households fell from 35
percent in 1959 to 11 percent in 1995.
Are the baby boomers making adequate preparations（做好充分准备） for retirement? In part, the answer depends on what is meant by \"adequate\". One definition is to have enough resources to maintain pre-retirement living standards in retirement. A rule of thumb*（经验法则）often used by financial planners （财政计划师，财政预算员）is that retirees should be able to meet this goal by replacing 60-80 percent of pre-retirement income. Retired households can maintain their pre-retirement standard of living with less income because they have more leisure time, fewer household members, and lower expenses. Taxes are lower because retirees escape payroll taxes（工资税） and the income tax（所得税） is progressive. And mortgages have, for the most part, been paid off. On the other hand, older households may face higher and more uncertain medical expenses, even though they are covered by Medicare.
From a public policy perspective, assuring that retirees maintain 100 percent of pre-retirement living standards may be overly ambitious. But should policymakers aim to ensure that they maintain 90 percent of their living standards? Or that they stay out of poverty? Or use some other criterion? Retirement planning（养老金计划） takes time, and these issues need to be
addressed sooner rather than later.
A second big question is how to measure how well baby boomers are preparing for retirement. Studies that focus only on personal saving put aside for retirement yield bleak conclusions. One found that in 1991 the median household headed by a 65-69-year-old had financial asset of only $14,000. But expanding the measure to include Social Security, pensions, housing, and other wealth boosts median wealth to about $270,000.
A third issue - crucial but as yet little explored - is which baby boomers are not provided adequately for retirement and how big the gap is between what they have and what they should have. Some boomers are doing extremely well, others quite poorly. Summary averages for an entire generation may not be useful as descriptions of the problem or as suggestions for policy. The uncertain prospects for the baby boomers in retirement are particularly troubling because, as a society, we as yet understand little about the dynamics of retirement. Only one or two generations of Americans have had lengthy retirements, and the crucial retirement issues - health care, asset markets, social security, life span - keep changing rapidly, making long-term predictions even harder.
A: Pre-listening Question
As China's aging population is increasing rapidly, there should be a well-funded pension system put in place. However, the country's pension system only covers a fraction of the work force. It predicts that China will have an elderly population of about 400 million by 2040, which will be a large burden on the economy if an effective pension system is not established.
The Chinese government, aware that the old pension system in the planned economy could not keep pace with the market economy, started to reform a purely \"pay-as-you-go\" pension system in 1997 and introduced one that combines a basic pension with personal savings accounts. The accounts are jointly paid into by employers and employees, as saving to support employees' retirements. The state is considering expanding a reformed pension insurance system nationwide.
China is also accelerating the reform of China's pension system. It has been trying to find appropriate ways to invest pension funds in the capital market rather than simply putting them in banks or buying treasury bonds.
It has also been trying to find appropriate ways to invest pension funds in the capital market overseas.
To ensure the maintenance and appreciation of the pension pool, more investment tools should be allowed, with sound governance and
parallel reform in the financial sector to ensure returns.
B: Sentence Dictation
Directions: Listen to some sentences and write them down. You will hear each sentence three times.
C: Detailed Listening
Directions: Listen to the passage and choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
l. D 2.D 3. B 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.A 8.C
Exercise D After-listening Discussion
Directions: Listen to the passage again and discuss the following questions.
1) The boomers have altered economic patterns from jamming the nation's schools in the 1950s and 1960s, to crowding labor markets and housing markets in the 1970s and 1980s, to affecting consumption patterns almost continuously. 2) (Open)
Section Three News
News Item1
Long-term impact of diet starts before birth
You are what you eat, the saying goes. And now it appears you are also what your mother ate.
Researchers are learning more about how a pregnant mother's diet can affect her child's health long after the child is born. The latest research shows that some of those effects can begin within days of conception.
Women are encouraged to start taking pre-natal vitamins and watching what they eat as soon as they learn they are pregnant, to help ensure a healthy baby. But it appears that maternal health before pregnancy also has an impact.
Professor Tom Fleming and his colleagues at Britain's University of Southampton fed mice and rats a low-protein diet for three-and-a-half days after the animals had mated.
Fleming compared their offspring to the babies of animals fed a normal, higher-protein diet for those three and a half days. The young rodents from the low-protein group had higher blood pressure and were more hyperactive than the control group.
Another study found that animals with vitamin B deficiencies in the very early days of pregnancy had offspring with higher blood pressure.
These young animals also tended to be obese and were at risk for diabetes. So Fleming says it's best to eat right if you're even thinking about getting pregnant. Exercise A
Directions: Listen to the news and complete the summary.
This news item is about the impact of mother’s diet on baby even before pregnancy. Exercise B
Directions: Listen to the news again and decide whether the following statements are true or false.
1. (T) You are what you eat. And now it appears you are also what your mother ate.
2. (F) A pregnant mother's diet can affect her child's health shortly after the child is born.
3. (F) Health before pregnancy has little influence on the baby’s health. 4. (T) The young rodents from the low-protein group had higher blood pressure.
5. (F) The young rodents from the high-protein group were more hyperactive than the control group.
6. (T) Animals with vitamin B deficiencies might have offspring with higher blood pressure.
7. (T) Animals with vitamin B deficiencies may suffer obese and
diabetes.
8. (F) It's best to eat right after you get pregnant.
News Item2
While the latest vaccines are available to children in the developed world, the situation is very different in poorer countries. According to a joint report by the World Health Organization, the World Bank and the UN Children’s Fund, just 50 percent of children in sub-Saharan Africa are immunized in their first year of life against diseases like tuberculosis, measles, tetanus, and whooping cough.
The report says in some developing countries fewer than one in twenty children are vaccinated.
Dr Paul Fife of UNICEF says many developing countries are not able to buy vaccines that are widely available, and even discounted in the industrialized world. He says UNICEF, the single largest buyer of vaccines for children, is also finding difficulty locating the needed medicines.
The head of the World Health Organization’s vaccine program, Dr Daniel Tarahtola, says one way to address the vaccine shortage is for more production in the developing world.
The report says that although the market for vaccines in developing countries is potentially huge, with more than 130 million children born
there each year, drug companies target most of their vaccines to the countries of the developed world. Exercise A
Directions: Listen to the news and complete the summary.
This news item is about the shortage of vaccines in developing countries. Exercise B
Directions: Listen to the news again and complete the following passage.
Vaccines are not available to children in many developing countries. Just 50 percent of children in sub-Saharan Africa are immunized in their first year of life against diseases. In some developing countries fewer than one in twenty children are vaccinated.
Many developing countries are not able to buy vaccines that are widely available, and even discounted in the industrialized world. One way to address the vaccine shortage is for more production in the developing world.
Although the market for vaccines in developing countries is potentially huge, with more than 130 million children born there each year, drug companies target most of their vaccines to the countries of the developed world.
News item 3
AIDS Vaccine Test in Thailand Shows Some Promise
Closer to home ... an experimental AIDS vaccine has proved partly effective in a test involving 16,000 volunteers in Thailand.
For a variety of reasons, HIV — the virus that causes AIDS — has stymied efforts to develop a vaccine, and this new vaccine was only about 31 percent effective, according to the researchers. That's not great, but it's the best result yet, and the limited success may help researchers improve its effectiveness.
U.S. Ambassador to Thailand Eric John noted the significance of the vaccine trial.
JOHN: \"There will be more studies of this vaccine regimen, and perhaps other vaccines tested. ... This trial will be recognized as a testament to Thailand's ability to successfully execute a complicated vaccine trial, the largest ever attempted, that ended with a credible conclusion, and that brought us one step closer to an HIV vaccine\"
Even if the vaccine only modestly reduces a person's risk of developing AIDS, it could play an important role in combating the disease, which the United Nations estimates killed two million people in 2007. A: Directions: Listen to the news and complete the summary. This news item is about an AIDS vaccine test in Thailand which shows some promise in combating the desease. Exercise B
Directions: Listen to the news again and answer the following questions.
1. An experimental AIDS vaccine has proved partly effective in a test in Thailand.
2. Because for a variety of reasons, HIV has stymied efforts to develop a vaccine.
3. This new vaccine was only 31 percent effective.
4. The limited success may help researchers improve its effectiveness. 5. Yes it’s largest ever attempted.
6. The UN estimates that AIDS killed two million people in 2007.
Section four part 1 World TB day
In the late 19th century, tuberculosis – a bacterial disease spread through the air– killed one out of every seven people in the United States and in Europe. Today, this infectious disease remains the second leading killer in the world after AIDS, with more than two million TB-related deaths each year. Tuberculosis strikes somewhere in the world every second. According to Michael Iademarco of the US Centers for Disease Control– the disease primarily plagues developing countries.
“Countries such as India, and China, Vietnam, the Philippines. There
is a list of 23 high-burdened countries in the world. It’s from this set of 23 countries that eighty percent of the world’s TB burden comes from.”
Dr Iademarco says that poverty and poor health conditions contribute significantly to the spread of tuberculosis in those countries.
“Many of these 23 high-burdened countries, for example, are lower or low income countries. So, they don’t have adequate health infrastructure and so, therefore, it is very difficult to coordinate, organize and provide the drugs for adequate TB control.”
Today, tuberculosis appears to be a disease of the developing world. But, if it is not checked, it could spread anywhere, including the United States. Dr James Lamberti, a lung specialist in Northern Virginia says last year, the state of Virginia saw a five-percent increase in tuberculosis cases over the year before.
Dr Lamberti says that this rise may be due to the high immigration to the state, particularly into northern Virginia, one of the international gateways to the United States. The inactive, or latent tuberculosis could become active and contagious any time, if a person’s immune system breaks down and can no longer handle the TB germs. Active tuberculosis symptoms include persistent cough, fever and weight loss.
Dr Lamberti believes it is imperative that people who suffer from latent tuberculosis be treated before they develop its contagious form. But, as he says, treating people in one part of the world is not going to stop the
disease from spreading.
“If we only think of the United States and don’t think globally, we are not going to cure the problem. People travel too much; people emigrate very easily. Unless you really are able to attack the problem worldwide, we are going to keep seeing the problem in the United States.”
Dr Iademarco of the Centers for Disease Control says the CDC and other US health agencies, are coordinating their fight against tuberculosis with international health organizations.
The Word Health Organization has also started an initiative, called “Stop TB Partnership”, that urges all industrial powers to help poorer countries improve their TB control by supplying them with urgently needed drugs, funds and medical personnel. At the same time, it calls on tuberculosis-plagued countries to inform their citizens about the dangers of tuberculosis and about ways to control it. And the World Health Organization says observing World Tuberculosis Day on Sunday and seriously spreading its message is a step in the right direction. Directions: Listen to the news item and complete the summary. This news item is about TB control.
Exercise B
Direction: Listen to the news again and decide whether the following
statements are true (T) or false (F).
1. (F) In the late 19th century, tuberculosis – a bacterial disease spread through the air– killed one out of every seven people in the United States and in Europe.
2. (F) Today, this infectious disease remains the third leading killer in the world after AIDS and cancer.
3. (T) Poverty and poor health conditions contribute significantly to the spread of tuberculosis in those countries.
4. (T) Active tuberculosis symptoms include persistent cough, fever and weight loss.
5. (F) The inactive, or latent tuberculosis could become active and contagious any time, no matter a person’s immune system breaks down or not.
6. (T) Dr Lamberti believes that treating people in one part of the world is not going to stop the disease from spreading.
7. (F) Stop TB Partnership” is a campaign that urges all industrial powers to help poorer countries improve their TB control by supplying them with funds.
8. (F) Stop TB Partnership” also calls on tuberculosis-plagued countries to inform their citizens about the dangers of tuberculosis and about ways to avoid getting it.
Part 2 passage
Open Cook Stoves Put Women at Risk
All around the world, women cook over open wood stoves, and doing this puts their health at serious risk. Now some research from Mexico shows that using a new more efficient stove can save a woman's lungs.
An estimated two billion people worldwide rely on biomass fuels, such as wood, to cook their daily meals. This fuel is often burned in inefficient, smoky stoves that produce excess heat, smoke, soot, and dangerous gases.
In Mexico, about 25 million people still use these kinds of stoves, says Dr Horacio Riojas from the Mexican institute of public health. He studied women in more than 500 households to find out what kinds of things they were exposed to by using old-fashioned stoves.
Riojas and his colleagues gave half the women more efficient ceramic-lined stoves, called patsari stoves. They have chimneys that channel the smoke outside, and they’re designed to reduce the user’s exposure to emission.
The researchers visited the women’s homes and gathered information using questionnaires. They also gave the women spirometry tests which measure their lung capacity and function.
Riojas and his colleagues found that women who were given the
patsari stoves had less coughing and eye irritation. But the changes in lung function were most dramatic. Riojas says the women cooking over open fires had lung function similar to people who smoke a pack of cigarettes a day.
Riojas wants to do more long-term studies.
We are trying to go back to these communities and make some more spirometries with the women that are using the stove, and compare with the nonusers. And we also want to do better measurements of the impact of this stove in children.
A. Pre-listening question
In cooking, a cook stove is a very basic stove heated by burning wood or fossil fuels. In some developing countries the average rural family spends 20% or more of its income purchasing wood or charcoal for cooking. Living in the city provides no refuge either as the urban poor frequently spend a significant portion of their income on the purchase of wood or charcoal. Besides the high expense, another problem of cooking over an open fire is the increased health problems brought on from the smoke, particularly lung and eye ailments, but also birth defects. Replacing the traditional 3-rock cook stove with an improved one and venting the smoke out of the house through a chimney can dramatically improve a family’s health.
B. Sentence Dictation
Directions: listen to some sentences and write the down. You will hear each sentence three times.
1. All around the world, women cook over open wood stoves, and doing this puts their health at serious risk.
2. He studied women in more than 500 households to find out what kinds of things they were exposed to by using old-fashioned stoves.
3. Now some research from Mexico shows that using a new more efficient stove can save a woman's lungs.
4. The more efficient ceramic-lined stoves have chimneys that channel the smoke outside.
5. We are trying to make some more spirometries with the women and we also want to do better measurements of the impact of this stove in children.
C. Detailed listening
Directions: listen to the passage and choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. A 2. D 3. C 4. D 5. D 6. B 7. B 8. C D. After-listening discussion (omit)
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